Environmental factors effecting motor skill development Essay Example

Environmental factors effecting motor skill development Paper Environmental factors effecting motor skill development Child development is defined as to how a child abeles itself to complete more difficult tasks as they grow in age. Development is often confused with growth, which refers to a childs tendency to grow bigger in size. Parents can become concerned easily when a childs developmental skills take longer then the normal or when pressures of milestones are not satisfied on time. Developmental milestones are functioning tasks or skills that should occur at specific ages. Observing what specific environmental factors influence the placement of motor skills in the infant and toddler stages and how that compares to my findings of the children I personally documented, is what will be discussed. I searched for other scholars who have current information and academic research of similar topics finding information that was both, similar as to my own research concluding a main point that the environment of these children have an effect on how they will learn. A common topic that has been analyzed in these journals is Gross motor skill development It is a specific factor that plays a crucial role in the childs overall development and of course embodied with the environment in which the child is confined to has a profound effect to the development of these motor skills (Newton 2008) . The aim of this study was focusing on the two main environmental factors affecting children motor development. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental factors effecting motor skill development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental factors effecting motor skill development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental factors effecting motor skill development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Looking over the articles it reveals that there are many particular factors within the family details such as socioeconomic status, mothers educational level, relationships with family and the existence of siblings can also affect a childs motor ability, Preschools also have became an influential part of development for all children but also an be a detriment to a childs development by not attending due to the simple fact that nowadays large amounts of time children spend at them so by not having a child go through life with preschool would set them back as far as motor development goes. The social-cultural background where a child is brought up from, creates specific demands for his/her motor behavior. This thought can go with the fact that movement programs are very important for the development as well, such as physical education, especially if the social- cultural environment that the child is in does not require them to be very active. If the child is not pushed or has no motivation to do these obstacles, that are often taken for granted, then can cause a long term even life altering issue down the road. These are all the social norms nowadays with children. It is becoming incredibly competitive to get into colleges and other type of educational programs and it all starts from these crucial infant years where all these environmental factors that the family contributes too have a say in what a child will be like as it develops. Many of these environments are expected and often not over looked or analyzed by parents due to the reason hat the child is so young that these things don t have an impact on them yet. That is false, the first five years of a childs life are the most important in developing these motor skills for the rest of their life, and that is a fact that is not looked at close enough by parents. This is a huge developmental problem that has been happening for ever and now that there is studies and documentation proving that this here is correct, it needs to be and is being put into action. All of the environmental factors have some way played a role in the children I observed lives but because of the limited length of paper I ill discuss the two most obvious influences. This purpose of this paper is to document the environment that infants and toddlers are in and describe how these environmental factors have affected them. To begin observed a toddler and an infant but both of the same family. The two children are different ages but similar environments and upbringings. I observed the children in there home environment looking at the situation as a Mother-child interaction first then I observed the sibling vs. sibling interactions that the children tended to take a like too. Intended to allow the children on and off for two weeks at different locations and got the opportunity to observe the toddler and infant in both of these settings. At each observation site I sat with a notepad and jotted down how they interacted under these three circumstances and noted of the surroundings environments each time I observed. At the end I had a lot of notes and information to choose from, but the way that I chose what information to use was by organizing my notes i nto my three main cases then divided them into infant and toddler. All the situations that most frequently happened for each hill I used as conclusive information and discarded the minor details. The majority of the two weeks of observing the infant under these two cases my evidence appeared to be quite on point with other researchers studies. To begin, the mother-infant relationship (parent-child). Wilting my study I found when playing with each other the infant was much more responsive to this one on one play then a group of people. What noticed was the child did not do as much looking and observing like statistics show or as he did in the other cases. Even out of fifteen times the mother demonstrated what I wanted the infant to do, that involved a motor skill, most of the time picking up a block or a toy car, the child attempted the action after watching the mother demonstrate. What I noticed of those fifteen times all seven of the successful tries were because it was right in front of him. If it was far away he would try with a different object that was closest to him and wouldnt even notice that he was using a different toy. As for the toddler he paved much closer attention but on the contrary of his fifteen attempts he actually cared that he used the same exact object as his mom. For him used a test involving whoring of a ball. His mother WOUld throw the ball using different styles such as over the head, ;o hand, one had, and under arm. Eight of the fifteen attempts the toddler successfully mimicked the motor skill of which hand to use and the style in which the mom threw it, which was very surprising in this case for the reason that this usually does not develop until five or six years of age. The next case I observed was the sibling vs. sibling. Typically we think of the mother to be seen as the leader to specific child development. However, when the child has siblings the situation becomes much more influenced. Circled 1975). A childs position in the family or sex even of the sibling has a huge influence on the interactions they have. The environment used was once again the home setting but the family has there own jungle gym outside in the backyard. Seed this play set to see if these sibling influences can play a role in development of specific skills . Studies have shown that, irrespective of the age difference among the children of the family, the elder siblings lead the younger behavior (Circled 1975) and those in turn imitate elders movements (abbreviation et al. 979: Lamb 1978). As continued my research outside I watched and studied how they were interacting. The younger infant, surprisingly can walk at his age of sixteen months old. There was a set of stairs that the toddler Was walking up to get to the top Of the gym and eventually slide down the slide to only continue the process over and over again. The infant continued to watch and observe for about fifteen minutes with no signs of him motivated to make a move or give it a try. To our surprise the infant began pointing and mumbling as if he wanted to make an attempt. He was brought over to the play set, climbing up the steps and eventually we got him to go down the slide. He held his hands on the railings same position as where she did as if he was copying her techniques exact and the influence of his big sister took effect. This whole process took about twenty- twenty five minutes but once he tried it one time, the infant, like his toddler sister continued to doing the routine using similar if not the same route. All in all he was hesitant, the infant waited, studied, and then slowly analyzed the process as he did it for his first time, and then continued to go n with the process as his big sister had been. The infant and the toddler both have demonstrated there developing gross motor skills. These skills are coordinated with many other parts of the body such as the legs and arms and the ability to notice what one is doing and mimic the other is all part of the development of the these physical abilities of large body movements.

Reflection on the History Systems of Psychology Essay Essays

Reflection on the History Systems of Psychology Essay Essays Reflection on the History Systems of Psychology Essay Essay Reflection on the History Systems of Psychology Essay Essay Pre-modern. modern and postmodern frames of mention have all helped form of import. modern-day psychological theories and issues. In this paper I will try. in a brooding mode. to walk through and revisit the countries we covered in class. the terminal purpose being to derive a step of penetration into where the field of psychological science bases today. peculiarly with respect to oppressive signifiers of ethnocentric monoculturalism. In footings of pre-modern positions. in the class we foremost discussed historical issues refering the mind-body job. I stated the nature of the relationship between organic structure and head and whether they are one and the same or two distinguishable substances. which is the centre of the argument between monists and dualist. Descartes. the most good known dualist. argued for a separation of head from psyche and organic structure. Besides an interactionist. Descartes held the head influenced the organic structure every bit much as the organic structure impacted the head ( Goodwin. 2009 ) . Plato. his predecessor from antiquity. was besides a dualist and an interactionist arguably. and believed the organic structure and soul/mind were temporarily at one during life ; each came from a wholly different topographic point. the organic structure from the material universe and the psyche from the universe of thoughts. At the minute of decease. the organic structure withered off in clip a nd infinite. the psyche or head returning to the universe of signifiers and there recognizing cosmopolitan truths ( Wozniak. 1992 ) . Diging deeper into pre-modern positions of the mind-body job I touched upon Spinoza. Spinoza. a modern-day of Descartes. dismissed Descartes’ two-substance position in favour of what is called double-aspect theory ( Wozniak. 1992 ) . Double-aspect theories hold the position that the mental and the physical kingdoms are changing facets of the same substance. For Spinoza. that individual substance is God. perceived as the cosmopolitan kernel or nature of everything in being. In Spinoza’s position. there is no divider of head and organic structure. hence. Alternatively they are of a individual substance. in a pre-established coordination. reflecting the Godhead kernel. In contemplation. I continue to side with Spinoza and double-aspect theory in footings of pre-modern positions. I do believe that there is a pre-established coordination between head and organic structure that is brooding of the godly creative activity. â€Å"I am hence I think† is my continued respon se to Descartes. In footings of modern positions in the class we examined the beginnings of psychological science as a capable subject. During the class I stated that psychological science foremost appeared as a capable subject in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt started a psychological science lab in Germany at the University of Leipzig. The research lab devoted itself to the analysis of witting thought in its basic elements and constructions. which was uncovered through a procedure of self-contemplation ( Gross. 1996 ) . What differentiated this ‘new psychology’ at the clip from doctrine was its usage of measuring and control every bit good as its accent on the scientific method to analyze mental procedures relevant to human consciousness. Due to his influence on Edward B. Titchener. Wundt’s frame of mention arguably helped give birth to structural linguistics. Indeed Wundt’s adherent. Titchener. is credited with developing and labeling structural linguistics in an 1898 paper called â€Å"The Postulates of a Structural Psychology ( Goodwin. 2009 ) . In the paper he compared and contrasted structural linguistics with functionalism. which he claimed infested most US universities. salvage Cornell where he was cultivating what would come to be called the â€Å"the Cornell school of psychological science. † Notwithstanding. Goodwin ( 2009 ) has stated that Titchener and the Cornell position of psychological science was highly narrow mostly because of its insisting on self-contemplation and due to Titchener’s attitude that his manner was the lone manner. a place that frequently does non portend good in academe. In this vena and possibly arrogantly so. Titchener. likened structural linguistics to anatomy. its purpose being analysis he surmised - whereas functionalism he likened to physiology. saying that functionalists exami ne how the head is able to accommodate one to his or her said environment. which to Titchener was a waste of clip without a deep apprehension of construction. As one needs to cognize the Immigration and Naturalization Services and outs of human anatomy before being able to to the full dig into physiology. so therefore was the functionalist at a loss. in his position. without the ability to sketch the constructions of human consciousness via a extremely hard procedure of systematic. experimental self-contemplation as stipulated by him in about cult like exclusivity. which spawned unfavorable judgment. Consequently. his motion neer gained the impulse it needed to win American Black Marias and heads. falling into the ashcan of history in favour of functionalism. Nevertheless. in malice of Titchener’s unpopularity in the US. his digesting part is that he helped make a topographic point for the lab and experimental psychological science in all colleges and universities with plans in psychological science. While functionalists were besides interested in looking at mental procedures such as consciousness in so far as measuring human behaviour in footings of how it aided people in accommodating to ever-changing environments. they did non. unlike followings of Titchener. stress self-contemplation ( Goodwin. 2009 ) . Psychologist James R. Angell. a follower of John Dewey. the laminitis of functionalism in America. became its most vocal interpreter. knocking Titchener and pulling a crisp contrast to him in a 1907 popular paper called â€Å"The Province of Functional Psychology. † It was a damnatory response to Titchener’s 1898 paper. For Angell. the structuralist was interested in the â€Å"what? † of witting idea. whereas the functionalist psychologist wished to cognize the â€Å"how? † and â€Å"why? † of it. inquiring what is consciousness for? ( Goodwin. 2009 ) . This manner of sing psychological science in footings of its practical applications. became an of import influence in modern times. because it led to the survey of subjects such as developmental and unnatural psychological science. in add-on to analyzing the single differences of head. ( which Titchener and the Cornell school unusually had no involvement in ) . When inquiring how psychological science can be used to work out mundane jobs in a practical manner. we are taking from the functionalists and their motion. Possibly the most outstanding motion in the field of modern twentieth century psychological science was behaviourism. Behaviorism began basically due to the work of Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov who did non see himself a psychologist. but. instead a physiologist interested in the procedure of digestion in Canis familiariss. was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904 ( the twelvemonth B. F. Skinner was born ) in Physiology and Medicine. In the class of his research. Pavlov observed that the Canis familiariss would frequently get down salivating before any nutrient being given to them. when they would see the nutrient or the food’s container. or when they heard the footfalls of the lab helper who was on his manner to feed them. His observations led to the survey to what we now call classical conditioning ( Gross. 1996 ) . The first effort to use Pavlov’s findings on conditioning to worlds was made by John B. Watson in a doubtful and arguably unethical experiment on a little male child named Albert. demoing that the fright of rats can be intentionally induced ( Watson and Rayer. 1920 ) . The experiment served to popularise a new behavioural attack to psychological science that would within a decennary become the dominant force in America. Watson its laminitis. propagator and publicizer ( Goodwin. 2008 ) . To the modernist Watson ( 1913 ) . psychological science is an nonsubjective natural scientific discipline. its theoretical end the anticipation and control of behaviour. Wundt and Titchener’s position on self-contemplation has no topographic point in its methods. nor is consciousness addressed or studied. There is no pronounced boundary line between people and animate beings. Due to Watson’s input and influence cats. Canis familiariss. rats. and pigeons became the major beginning of psychological informations. As ‘psychological’ now meant ‘behavior’ instead than ‘consciousness. ’ animate beings that were easier to analyze and whose environments could be more readily controlled could replace people as experimental topics ( Gross. 1966 ) . B. F. Skinner. besides a behaviourist and modernist. went stairss further than Pavlov and Watson. projecting behaviour in a more synergistic visible radiation. He made a differentiation between respondent and operant behaviour and argued that most carnal and human behaviour is non brought approximately in the manner Pavlov and Watson indicated and surmised. Skinner. like Edward Thorndike before him. was interested in how animate beings operate on their environment and how this operant behaviour brings about peculiar effects that can find the likeliness of that behaviour being repeated. In experiments he used a fluctuation of Thordike’s puzzle-box. a Skinner box. which was made for a rat or a pigeon to make things in. instead than flight from. Fundamentally. Skinner saw the scholar as much more actively involved than did Pavlov or Watson. for whom behaviour was due to stimuli. innate stimulation before acquisition and conditioned stimulations after larning. In add-on to behaviourism. modern positions of psychological science took turns and bends. As a reaction to both Titchener’s structural linguistics and Watson’s behaviourism. the Gestalt psychologists of the 1920s and 1930s in Germany and Austria were chiefly concerned with perceptual experience and held that perceptual experiences could non be deconstructed in the manner that Wundt and Titchener wanted to make with idea. and that behaviourists had sought for with behaviour. Their belief could be compactly stated as follows: ‘the whole is greater than the amount of its parts’ ( Gross. 1996. p. 3 ) . The whole is basically destroyed when you break down perceptual experience and behaviour into parts. the Gestalt psychologists held. There are forming rules of perceptual organisation which were voiced by Gestalt’s laminitis Max Wertheimer. These rules are often highlighted in units on perceptual experience in general psychological science text editions and are as follows: the rule of propinquity. the rule of similarity. the rule of continuance. All of the forming rules have in common what is called the jurisprudence of simpleness or what Gestaltists term Pragnanz. This refers to the inclination for perceptual experiences to mirror world every bit closely as possible ( Goodwin. 2009 ) . In the class I gave an illustration of gestalt thought. which in contemplation I would wish to return to as it clearly remains in head. I used the illustration of a coach halting at a coach halt in one’s vicinity. On a given twenty-four hours the coach stops at the same corner the individual is accustomed to. and is recognized to be that coach. The individual gets on. but has made a error. She did non recognize that there was a path alteration that forenoon and the coach she took was numbered otherwise. What gives? Is it merely a affair of non paying attending? In Gestalt inspired. top-down conceptually goaded processing. we begin with one’s anterior cognition. motives. outlooks and beliefs. In the coach illustration. the inability to see and decode or register a different figure on the coach and acquire on it. means it was recognized it to be the customary coach due to top-down processing ( Danner. 2009 ) . If one were to detect the different coach figure. nevertheless. that would imply bottom-up processing. because such processing is data driven. The different figure is perceived in footings of information in the centripetal input. in concurrence with top-down processing. uncovering to the individual that it is non the customary coach. Possibly after recognizing her error. the individual in the illustration will be more careful following clip. thereby exerting more bottom-up processing. If Austria was home to some of Gestalt’s most outstanding members and disciples. it was besides place to Sigmund Freud. the male parent of depth psychology. Freudian psychoanalytic theory was the first to province the significance of innate thrusts and specify unnatural and normal behaviour in relationship to the function of the unconscious head. Its importance is that the theory of personality popularized contextualizing human behaviour in footings of the Idaho. self-importance. and superego. notating development in five psychosexual phases. Each phase was marked by displacements in what Freud believed were the underlying manners of satisfaction: unwritten. anal. phallic. latency and genital ( Glassman. 2000 ) . In contemplation. I continue to happen virtue in Freud’s construct of phases for certain. I would still prefer to name them development phases. nevertheless. and non needfully set a sexual significance on them. as Freud and his protagonists have done and go on to make. There is no demand to detail the well-known restrictions and unfavorable judgments of Freudian theory. which harmonizing to Glassman ( 2000 ) are its falsifiability. the great trade of accent put on instance surveies. and its cultural prejudice towards adult females. Regardless of such naysaying. his protagonists would passionately reason for and be inexorable about such a sexual narration of the human individual. which if non fresh fish. surely has amusement value. In fact. Freudian theory is intriguing to me mostly due to the dramatic ( about cinematic ) struggles and challenges that mark each psychosexual phase. Possibly the most well-known of these is the Oedipal struggle ( which occurs in the alleged phalli c phase ) . It was interesting to read that some analysts called the female discrepancy. the Electra struggle. but Freud himself did non utilize the term ( see Freud 1924 ) . Possibly the most attractive modern theory of personality. in my position. would belong to Carl Rogers. In Carl Roger’s theory. a individual is the beginning of his or her basic demands such as nutrient and H2O. He or she is besides the beginning of a growing motivation which he called an actualizing inclination. which is an unconditioned thrust that is brooding of the desire to turn. to develop and to develop one’s capablenesss ( Glassman. 2000 ) . It is the realizing inclination that stimulates creativeness. doing a individual to seek out new challenges and accomplishments that motivate healthy growing in one’s life-time ( Gross. 1996 ) . Harmonizing to Rogers ( 1961. but originally proposed in 1947 ) : Whether one calls it a growing inclination. a drive towards self-actualization. or a frontward traveling way inclination. it is the mainspring in life†¦ It is the impulse which is apparent in all organic and human life – to spread out. extend. go independent. mature and develop. In contemplation. I continue to experience that Roger’s influence and go oning popularity in the psychotherapeutic community give his theories merit. APA members have been asked which psychotherapist they believe to me the most influential figure in the field ( Smith. 1982 ) . In 2006. this study repeated in the Psychotherapy Networker. In both studies. Carl Rogers was the â€Å"landslide† pick. While this does non turn out Rogers to be right. surely it gives his theory of motive more acceptance than non. increasing its credibility. Surely. I feel influenced by Rogers as I move frontward in my calling. While Roger’s theory of an actualizing inclination and the overall nature of the client-centered attack may be controversial due to its allowance to allow the client name the shootings and as stated by Goodwin ( 2009 ) for its overemphasis on the the ego at the disbursal of the importance of the community. in add-on to being clearer what it was against than what it was for. it is however. a believable predication in footings of its application in therapy and remains my penchant over Freud. Consequently. I continue to experience that all clients innately wish to be successful in life and to be praised as subscribers to their ain selfactualization. They wish to spread out their cognition and accomplish higher degrees of success beneath all the pretenses that seem otherwise. When clients are non executing to their fullest potency. congratulations and support can assist light the actualizing inclination in a mode that would otherwise hold remained hibernating. When researching postmodern positions of psychological science we have to inherently talk about cultural narrations and meta-narratives. What is psychological science today and who defines it? What is psychology’s narrative. who told that narrative historically. and who gets to state it today? When we look at psychological science as a pattern. historically and today. is of import to convey to the bow the ethnocentric monocultural facets that were oppressive to adult females and go on to be to minority groups in reenforcing white male Euro-American civilization as the normative and desirable civilization. Indeed. healers and assisting professionals should seek to assist deconstruct and unveil monoculturalism whenever it rears its ugly caput. When oppressive signifiers such as heterosexism. agism. gender and sexism come to the bow in therapy. for illustration. healers should non reenforce them but seek to promote contemplation on such biass with the purpose being for the client to indentify for what it is – and to turn consequently. The field of psychological science itself is non immune but remains at hazard to the fiasco of monoculturalism. Harmonizing to Yutrzenka. Todd-Bazemore and Caraway ( 1999 ) even though the informations prognosis that by 2050. cultural minorities will do up over 50 % of the US population. this rapidly altering demographic has minimum consequence on the figure of cultural minority psychologists. This is peculiarly true for Native Americans. who are far more underrepresented than any other cultural organic structure. Though the APA as stated by Goodwin ( 2009 ) . is smartly turn toing this full issue at present. with such attempts to be praised. still the bequest of ethnocentric monoculturalism is a discoloration on the profession. and will stay so until important Numberss of minority psychologists abound. In malice of the barriers facing them. adult females and minorities have made many noteworthy. valuable and critical parts to the field of psychological science. During the class I discussed Eleanor Gibson who received the National Medal of Science in 1992 for a life-time of research on subjects covering with the development of deepness perceptual experience to the basicss involved in reading. faced favoritism while at Yale from psychologist Robert Yerkes who wanted no females in his lab ( Goodwin. 2009 ) . While she was able to acquire her PhD there under the counsel of the neobehaviorist Clark Hull. she unluckily went on to see troubles at Cornell ( where her hubby had gained a place ) forced into an unpaid research associate place in malice of winning competitory and esteemed research grants. As a consequence of these grants. nevertheless. she was able to transport out open uping surveies on depth perceptual experience with Richard Walk. When Cornell. place to Titchener’s bequest. removed its nepotism regulations in 1966. merely so did she go a full professor. Furthermore. as discussed in the class. African americans have besides made outstanding parts to psychology. Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark once more come to mind in footings of their best known research titled Racial designation and penchant in Negro kids ( Goodwin. 2009 ) . In this research it was shown that black kids showed a penchant for white dolls over black 1s when asked which they would wish to play with and looked more like. The Clarks concluded. harmonizing to Goodwin ( 2009 ) that one insidious consequence of racial segregation was its negative influence on Afro-american self-esteem. As a consequence of this research. in portion. the Supreme Court was compelled to make the right thing and change by reversal the racialist separate but equal philosophy in Brown v. Board of Education. The Clarks’ part to psychological science and the parts of other AfricanAmericans predating them were non without battle. Their wise man at Howard University. Francis Sumner faced immense obstructions when trying to acquire a alumnus grade and addition employment in academe. African americans have frequently had their basic rational abilities questioned ( Goodwin. 2009 ) . The bequest of white racism and of the field of psychology’s complicity by non taking a firmer base until merely late is without inquiry a important ground why African-Americans remain to a great extent underrepresented in the profession. in malice of the additions made for adult females. 60 per centum of doctors degrees in psychological science are awarded to adult females today. while Native Americans as we discussed and African-Americans continue to be awarded a paltry per centum in bend. Such blue figures have nil to make with intelligence. We know that early intelligence trials were normed on merely Caucasic. middle-class populations and merely late has such prejudices been addressed and possibly abated. This besides was the instance for the MMPI personality trials every bit good. In the instance of the MMPI. many of the original points became dated and harmonizing to Kassin ( 2008 ) . to convey the trial up to the twenty-first century and more postmodern positions. new points were written in. and a more diverse cross-section of the US was sampled. The consequence of that updating is the newer 567-item version called the MMPI-2. In contemplation. my conjecture is that similar progresss have been made or are being considered in IQ testing every bit good ; otherwise we would hold to name into inquiry whether colored IQ trials are valid for minority groups. Consequently. great attention should be taken when explicating trial inquiries every bit good as construing the consequences of test-takers from different cultural groups and urban folks. Basically. it is important that trial shapers be made cognizant of cultural differences when seting together IQ trial inquiries. as recommended for the MMPI ( Church 2001 ) . Exerting cautiousness does non intend minority groups are treated with child baseball mitts. but instead that a lens of apprehension is in topographic point - and that can come approximately as a consequence of the trial shapers and assessors informing themselves. Otherwise an IQ test’s cogency for minority groups is at issue. Pre-modern. modern and postmodern frames of mention have all helped form of import. modern-day psychological theories and issues. Consequently. I have attempted in a brooding mode to revisit the countries of psychology’s history we covered in class. If psychological science as a profession is to go on to turn and develop. it will happen through a similar procedure of contemplation. followed by action. It is of import for psychological science to cognize its beginnings. its history and several narrative. However. in realisation of the deepness of ethnocentric monoculturalism. its leading. peculiarly in the APA. must move on the call to convey about the inclusion of more minorities. Otherwise. the oppressive discoloration of monoculturalism shall abound and go on to deface the profession we hold beloved. Mentions Angell. J. R. ( 1904 ) . Psychology. New York: Holt.Church. A. T. ( 2001 ) . Personality measuring in cross-cultural position. Journal of Personality. 69. 979-1006.Danner. N. ( 2011 ) . Psychology: ORG5001 study of psychological science I. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions.Freud. S. ( 1924 ) A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. New York: Washington Square Press ( reprinted 1952 ) .Glassman. W ( Ed. ) . ( 2000 ) Approaches to psychology. Philadelphia: Open University Press. Goodwin. C. J. ( 2009 ) A history of modern psychological science ( 3rd ed. ) . Hoboken. New jersey: Wiley. Gross. R. ( Ed. ) . ( 1996 ) Psychology. the survey of head and behaviour. London: Hodder A ; Stoughton. Kassin. S. . ( 2008 ) . Psychology in Faculties: ORG 5002 Survey of psychological science II. New York: Pearson Custom Publishing.Rogers. C. R. ( 1961 ) On going a individual. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Smith. D. ( 1982 ) Trends in reding and psychological science. American Psychologist. 37. 802–809. Watson. J. B. ( 1913 ) Psychology as the behaviourist views it. Psychological Review. 20. 15877. Watson. J. B. A ; Rayneer. R. ( 1920 ) Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 3. 1-14. Wozniak. R. ( 1992 ) Mind and organic structure: Rene Descartes to William James. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. qcc. cuny. edu/socialsciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter % 206 % 20MindBody/DUALISM. htm. Yutrzenka. B. A. . Todd-Bazemore. E. . A ; Caraway. S. J. ( 1999 ) . Four air currents: The development of culturally inclusive clinical psychological science preparation for Native Americans. International Review of Psychiatry. 11. 129- 135. ProQuest: 43479524.

Thesis proposal for business analytics (Information Technology)

For business analytics (Information Technology) - Thesis Proposal Example One of the best elements of BI is the fact that it reduces any ‘guesswork’. Moreover, it allows the organization to understand customer behavior in a much meaning ful way. According to Business Intelligence (2014), a huge aspect of BI is the collaboration aspect as it allows users to interact and use this data. Imagine an organization in which the marketing department requires key reports from the technology department. Clearly, the issue of latency can be a factor that can delay essential decision making. With the boom of e-commerce, this has become even more pivotal. For many decades, companies have established itself as one of the most premiere companies internationally(BI, 2014). In order to harness the growth of customers worldwide, McDonald’s has created data warehousing that has allowed the company to understand the customers, track inventory, and monitor financials. All of these components are integrated in one dashboard that has harnessed BI. Solution: A centralized information from all the sources (e.g. point-of-sale (POS) system, equipment monitoring, etc) where all sorts of information, real-time feeds and legacy information, can be monitored and analyzed in most efficient and precise way via data warehousing. Oracle ERP system, which can handle most day-to-day business functions, would serve as the hub. POS and other devices use business intelligence software to gather sales information and marketing data, which is then transferred to an Oracle database for analysis. In addition this would facilitates organizations with robust information, which can include mitigating risks. The main objective of using Oracle software with other systems is to perform integration among different systems so everything is centralized thus the information. Liebowitz (2006) states that a BI approach would also help them to perform product management that is to monitor the quality of product and tools that are used for business, this all can be

Science, enlightenment and politics, which was most important to your Essay

Science, enlightenment and politics, which was most important to your world - Essay Example Similar undercurrents of progressive thought were seen in the New World as well, most notably from such intellectuals such as Tom Paine and other proponents of American independence (Porter & Teich, 1981). The Enlightenment has had a profound impact on the cultural evolution of Western Europe in particular and the whole of the continent in general. A landmark piece of scholarship that turned the tables in favor of scientific reasoning is Newton’s analysis and description of natural physical phenomena. The immediate impact was discernible in written literature of the day, due to the scope of this medium of art (Brians, Paul, 1998). On the other hand, it took longer for ideas of the Enlightenment to penetrate into art forms such as music and painting due to the emphasis on traditionally acquired technique in these art forms. The Age of Enlightenment also gave birth to the neoclassical school of art, which found its highest expression in the Literature of the day. All forms of literature, ranging from prose, narrative verse, poetry, plays, etc were infused with newly discovered scientific truths and newly evolving systems of natural philosophy. Such luminaries as Alexander Pope, Phyllis Wheatley, Voltaire and Jonathan Swift among others were at the forefront of this paradigm change in socio-cultural expression. A special mention has to be made on the role of the Novel in this epoch making age. The broad scope of intellectual discourse offered by the Novel was utilized very cleverly and ingenuously by such writers as Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richarrdson, Henry Fielding, Aphra Behn, Fanny Burney, etc (Paul Brians, 1998). Given the revolutionary change in the cultural landscape that the Enlightenment affected, it is easy to see its relevance to the world of today. The field of enquiry where the ideas of the Enlightenment made radical changes was in the realm of political thought and systems of civil

Business Research Methods & Tools Final Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Methods & Tools Final - Research Paper Example To ensure suitable standards of living, people have to engage in productive activities. Working is a daily and normal routine for any average human being who dreams of ever having a good life for his/her families. According to United States Congress House (2011), people go to different work places, working under different working conditions/environments. Do people ever look at the safeties at the work place? Do the conditions people work in appear safe to them? If not, what have they done or what are they doing to ensure a safe work place? I work in a power plant and I cannot guarantee that the working environment is entirely safe based on a number of reasons. Based on this, the immediate team was given the task of conducting a research on the safety risks on the site and pinpointed the key solutions to detected risks. This research paper is aimed at looking at the various risks that employees are exposed to in the workplaces, narrowing down the research to focus on power plant risks, exploring their possible causes and how these risks can be addressed for maximum workplace safety. To kick off the research, it was critical to put in place suitable plans to arrive at solutions to our problem. The first step was to identify the safety hazards in the organization, which involved collection of relevant data from different employees including the managerial team. This is a crucial step as it gives the different platforms on which to base the research. This was in regards to the views of the employees and the management although employees’ views are hardly similar in any organization. These facts were to help in the definition of the problem so as to start the research on how to solve the problem, and truly, they were productive (Spear 1999). Approximately 300 people globally die owing to electric faults, leaving thousands injured (Revae 2010). These faults may be minor, and in some

What Is Employee Engagement Management Essay

What Is Employee Engagement Management Essay In todays global world, in spite of the availability of modern and advance technology the human resource of an organization can not be ignored. It is in fact the talent of the employees that determines the success of an organization. The retention of talent helps organizations to gain competitive edge over rivals. Thus, every organization in 21st century is conscious about the engagement of its employees as it enhances employee performance and plays an important role in the achievement of desirable outcomes as productivity, profitability and turnover. Thus the purpose of writing this paper is to explore the drivers of employee engagement. The study also looks at Gallups employee engagement questionnaire that helps measure the level of employees engagement. What is employee engagement? The term employee engagement needs to be clearly understood by every organization. Some organizations perceive it as job satisfaction others say its the emotional attachment towards the organization. William H. Kahn (1990) defined employee engagement as the harnessing of organization members selves to their work roles; in engagement people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively and emotionally during role performance. Therefore to build an engaged workforce employees must be both emotionally and cognitively involved in job activities. There are a number of external and internal factors that help measure the level of employee engagement. External factors include organization environment; its culture and values, manager-subordinate relationship, relationships with co-workers, monetary benefits and appraisals. Whereas internal factors include the personal values of employee, personality type and commitment to work. Gallups research on employee engagement shows that there is a strong relationship between well being of an employee and the level of their engagement. An engaged employee is efficient an effective for the organizational outcomes. Review of Literature It is the manger who must create an environment for the employees to be both cognitively and emotionally engaged. And self efficacy may positively affect and enhance employee engagement- management effectiveness relationship. (Luthans Peterson, 2002). Research shows a strong relationship between employee engagement and desired outcomes of an organization such as productivity, employee retention, safety and customer service. (Beverly and Philip, 2006). There is considerable difference between job engagement and organization engagement. There several predictors of job engagement and organization engagement and both are related to individual consequences. (Alan, 2006). For a successful business employees should be engaged through effective communication. Therefore an organization should give priority to its human resource so that its employees can stand by in competition. (Nitin Vazirani, 2007). Amanda Ferguson in Employee Engagement; either it exists or if it does exist then how does it relate to performance. According to Amanda there is no proper and consistent definition of employee engagement and it measured the finding of Gallup organization i.e. what ever engagement might be, unfortunately the longer employee stay with an organization less engaged they become. William H. Macey and Benjamin Schneider in the Meaning of Employee Engagement wrote that an organization should establish conditions for the physical, emotional and behavioral employee engagement as it the key to competitive edge. Dr. Ram and Dr. Prabhakar (2011), in The role of Employee Engagement in work related outcomes studied that if an organization manages the engagement of its workforce it will resultantly enhance the motivation of its employees, increase their productivity, and decrease employee turnover rate. He also found that organizations that have an environment of learning and develop its employees have more engaged workforce. The level of employee engagement is determinant of productivi ty, employee motivation and retention. Markos and Sridevi (2010) wrote Employee Engagement; the key to Improving Performance in which they studied employee engagement positively affects the desired outcomes of an organization. Organizations with an engaged workforce can achieve its performance outcomes such as productivity, profitability, growth and customer satisfaction. Employee engagement has direct effect on productivity and growth. If employees are engaged they will try level best to fulfill their job responsibilities which will consequently lead to not only increase in organization productivity but will also enhance the self performance of employee. In the world of globalization only those organizations which have highly engaged workers can survive and grow. (Al-Aamri 2010). If an organization communicates effectively that change is necessary then employees can be engaged in their work, which will help the organization in implementation of its change strategy. (Sonenshien and Dholakia). Mentoring has a strong direct effect on every dimension of employee engagement. For the purpose of mentoring a web-based system should be adopted by an organization as it is the low cost method to monitor and improve the attitudes of employees. (Triple Creek, Employee Engagement research). How employees feel about their job as a direct impact on their work experience and it also effects the organization outcomes such as customer satisfaction, sales and profit. (Bulgarella 2005) Conclusion and Recommendations The term employee engagement is not yet defined properly and its definition is not consistent. Most of the research conducted on employee engagement considers its antecedents and consequences. The main focus of researchers has been the drivers of engagement and disengagement. But an organization can engage its employees only if the employees have the desired attitude. Therefore an organization should train its employees to change their attitudes if they want to properly manage workforce engagement. Further we reviewed the Gallups employee engagement questionnaire which is very much influential in business research as it can be used effectively for the empirical measurement of employee engagement.

Perspective In As For Me And M Essay examples -- essays research paper

Imaginative Center uncut, uncensored: Philip Bentley   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to fully understand a piece of literature and authorial intent, the reader must utilize unconventional methods of perspective. In Sinclair Ross?f, As for me and my House, the use of perspective becomes climacteric in determining a veridical comprehension of the imaginative center of the novel, Philip Bentley. In order to gain the full understanding of Philip Bentley, the reader must dismiss the biased unreliable narrative of Mrs. Bentley. With reference to the methods of perspective, they can be used to fully understand and dismiss the dubious narrative in Philip Bentley?fs relationships, occurrences, and Imagery. It then becomes feasible to appreciate an impartial understanding of Philip Bentley.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The individuals who surround Philip Bentley, assisted in shaping and influencing his character. Initially, Steve was introduced, and this contributed to a number of family problems. These problems lead to the frustration and jealously of Mrs. Bentley towards Philip. ?gTrue to his promise, Philip took Steve to the country with him this afternoon. I could feel that he didn?ft want me along, so at noon I complained of a headache, and stayed home to finish putting in the garden.?h (45) This clearly displays the beginning of Mrs. Bentleys resentment towards Philip, and the relationship that he and Steve share. She desires such a relationship for herself and Philip, only to be faced with the realization that it will never transpire. This hinders the legitimacy of what she sees, as it is now biased; influenced by her resentment. ?gAbout a horse for Steve, then about Steve himself. He likes Steve, and as we talked I saw Philip?fs mouth get a little contentious.?h (85) As her resentment grows, so does her unreliability to present to events clearly as they occurred. Up until Steve left, Mrs. Bentley continued to express her displeasure with the relationship that Philip and Steve remained to share. ?gI played brilliantly, vindictively, determined to let Ph ilip see how easily... I could take the boy away from him?h (Ross, 63). Mrs. Bentley observes that her relationship with Steve is becoming not a companionship, but ?ga conspiracy?h (Ross, 95). After Steve left, Philip began spending a great deal of time with Judith. Philip was using Judith as an esca... ...ing unstable. The wind blows the dust over the house, the dust smothers the house, as Mrs. Bentley smothers Philip. They have no control over the dust, and it becomes clear that Mrs. Bentley also has no control over the dust, and it becomes clear that Mrs. Bentley has no control over Philip. ?gI must keep on reaching out, tying to possess him, trying to make myself matter?h (Ross, 99). She attempts to reach out, Philip sees it as smothering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By looking at all the aspects, and dismissing Mrs. Bentleys bias, it becomes clear, the true understanding of the imaginative center, Philip Bentley. His role is to keep everyone in the Horizons together, along with Mrs. Bentley. This is palpable through his relationships, occurrences, and imagery. After the unreliable narrative is dismissed, the reader can gain a full understanding and appreciation of the imaginative center. Bibliography Ross, Sinclair. As for Me and My House. Ed. Malcom Ross. McClelland and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stewart Lt. Toronto / Montreal 1941. Stouck, David. Five Decades of Criticism. Ed. David Stouck. University of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Toronto Press. Toronto. 1991. Perspective In As For Me And M Essay examples -- essays research paper Imaginative Center uncut, uncensored: Philip Bentley   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to fully understand a piece of literature and authorial intent, the reader must utilize unconventional methods of perspective. In Sinclair Ross?f, As for me and my House, the use of perspective becomes climacteric in determining a veridical comprehension of the imaginative center of the novel, Philip Bentley. In order to gain the full understanding of Philip Bentley, the reader must dismiss the biased unreliable narrative of Mrs. Bentley. With reference to the methods of perspective, they can be used to fully understand and dismiss the dubious narrative in Philip Bentley?fs relationships, occurrences, and Imagery. It then becomes feasible to appreciate an impartial understanding of Philip Bentley.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The individuals who surround Philip Bentley, assisted in shaping and influencing his character. Initially, Steve was introduced, and this contributed to a number of family problems. These problems lead to the frustration and jealously of Mrs. Bentley towards Philip. ?gTrue to his promise, Philip took Steve to the country with him this afternoon. I could feel that he didn?ft want me along, so at noon I complained of a headache, and stayed home to finish putting in the garden.?h (45) This clearly displays the beginning of Mrs. Bentleys resentment towards Philip, and the relationship that he and Steve share. She desires such a relationship for herself and Philip, only to be faced with the realization that it will never transpire. This hinders the legitimacy of what she sees, as it is now biased; influenced by her resentment. ?gAbout a horse for Steve, then about Steve himself. He likes Steve, and as we talked I saw Philip?fs mouth get a little contentious.?h (85) As her resentment grows, so does her unreliability to present to events clearly as they occurred. Up until Steve left, Mrs. Bentley continued to express her displeasure with the relationship that Philip and Steve remained to share. ?gI played brilliantly, vindictively, determined to let Ph ilip see how easily... I could take the boy away from him?h (Ross, 63). Mrs. Bentley observes that her relationship with Steve is becoming not a companionship, but ?ga conspiracy?h (Ross, 95). After Steve left, Philip began spending a great deal of time with Judith. Philip was using Judith as an esca... ...ing unstable. The wind blows the dust over the house, the dust smothers the house, as Mrs. Bentley smothers Philip. They have no control over the dust, and it becomes clear that Mrs. Bentley also has no control over the dust, and it becomes clear that Mrs. Bentley has no control over Philip. ?gI must keep on reaching out, tying to possess him, trying to make myself matter?h (Ross, 99). She attempts to reach out, Philip sees it as smothering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By looking at all the aspects, and dismissing Mrs. Bentleys bias, it becomes clear, the true understanding of the imaginative center, Philip Bentley. His role is to keep everyone in the Horizons together, along with Mrs. Bentley. This is palpable through his relationships, occurrences, and imagery. After the unreliable narrative is dismissed, the reader can gain a full understanding and appreciation of the imaginative center. Bibliography Ross, Sinclair. As for Me and My House. Ed. Malcom Ross. McClelland and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stewart Lt. Toronto / Montreal 1941. Stouck, David. Five Decades of Criticism. Ed. David Stouck. University of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Toronto Press. Toronto. 1991.

Comcast Marketing Strategy

|Marketing Strategy | |Comcast Corporation | | | | | | | | | | | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Comcast Corporation is facing strong new competition in markets where it used to have none. Comcast has been losing analog cable television customers while at the same time seeing reduced growth of subscribers for its new services. For example, Comcast added 247,000 digital cable subscribers in the 4th quarter of 2008, which is less than half of the 530,000 subscribers they added at the same time the previous year (businessinsider. com). Comcast is the largest cable company in the United States. In most of the regions that they operate, they are almost a monopoly. In Maryland alone, they command 82% of the cable market (allbusiness. om). Unfortunately, Comcast has taken the attitude of a monopoly when it comes to customer service and pricing. In 2004 and 2007, Comcast had the worst customer satisfaction rating of any company in the country (wikipedia. org). Comcast's legacy of terrible customer service has their customers ready to jump to a new company's service as soon as it becomes available. Telecommunications companies have begun to capitalize on this by implementing new technologies to provide digital television, high speed internet and internet telephony services over their existing networks in order to compete directly against Comcast. In order to fulfill Comcast's mission of offering the best products and the most customer-friendly and reliable service in the market, we are proposing a new Customer Service initiative as well as a Total Content Distribution strategy. This involves acquiring media content providers in order to provide exclusive content and to offer a one-stop shopping experience for consumers for all their entertainment and communication needs. Market Definition and Opportunity Comcast identifies its target market size as 50. million homes, located in 39 states and the District of Columbia, which can be connected to its distribution system without further extension of transmission lines. Currently, Comcast has 24. 2 million video customers (47. 8% penetration), 14. 9 million high-speed internet customers (29. 7% penetration), and 6. 5 million phone customers (13. 9% penetration). Comcast generates approximately 95% of its consolidated revenue from its Cable segment. Its cable systems simultaneously deliver video, high-speed internet and phone services to its customers (2008 Annual Report). Appendix A: Example Customer Satisfaction Survey In your most recent customer service experience, how did you contact the representative? ( )In Person ( )By Telephone ( )Internet ( )Other About how long did you have to wait before speaking to a representative? ( )I was taken care of immediately ( )Within 3 minutes ( )3-5 minutes ( )5-10 minutes ( )More than 10 minutes Did our representative†¦ (Select all that apply) ( )Quickly identify the problem ( )Appear knowledgeable and competent ( )Help you understand the cause and the solution to the problem ( )Handle issues with courtesy and professionalism About how long did it take to get this problem resolved? )Immediate Resolution ( )Less than a day ( )Between 2 and 3 days ( )Between 3 and 5 days ( )More than a week ( )The problem is still not resolved How many times did you have to contact customer service before the problem was corrected? ( )Once ( )Twice ( )Three Times ( )More than Three times On a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 represents â€Å"Extremely dissatisfied† and 5 rep resents â€Å"Extremely Satisfied,† please answer the below questions and provide any explanation that could help us to improve our customer service. How satisfied are you with the customer service experience? Overall, how would you rate your level of satisfaction with Comcast? If you were less than totally satisfied, what could have been done to serve you better? WORKS CITED â€Å"Comcast. † Wikipedia. org. Wikipedia. org, 2009. Web. 24 November 2009. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Comcast Comcast Corporation. Annual Report, 2008. Philadelphia, PA: Comcast Corporation, 2008. Frommer, Dan. â€Å"Comcast Beats Street, But Growth Hits the Wall. † The Business Insider. Silicon Valley Insider, 2009. Web. 18 February 2009. http://www. businessinsider. com/comcast-beats-street-but-growth-hits-the-wall-2009-2 â€Å"HD Market Penetration at All-Time High. † Afterdawn. com. AfterDawn Ltd, 2009. Web. 19 October 2009. ttp://www. afterdawn. com/news/archive/16014. cfm/ Herman, Josh. â€Å"Consumers on the Move. † Direct, 1 June 2006: pp 30-31. Mello, John P. â€Å"DVR Market Penetration: Riding a Provider-Powered Wave. † TechNewsWorld. com. E-Commerce Times, 2007. Web. 19 October 2009. http://www. technewsworld. com/story/media-conver gence/59497. html. â€Å"New Verizon Wireless Advertising Campaign Introduces the People Behind the Nation's Most Reliable Wireless Network. † World’s Technology News. Technology News, 2009. Web. 25 November 2009. http://www. mirror99. com/20060514/new_verizon_wireless_advertising_campaign_introduces_the_peo le_behind_the_nation_s_most_reliable_wireless_dfjg. jspx O’Donnell, Jayne. â€Å"Gen Y Sits on Top of Consumer Food Chain. † USA Today, 11 October 2006: p. 3B â€Å"Research: Internet connected TVs the trend for 2009. † Copypaste. nl. Copypaste Media, 9 August 2009. Web. 19 October 2009. http://www. copypaste. nl/788/research-internet-connected-tvs-now-officially-the-trend-for-2009. Waddell, Ray. â€Å"Comcast Center Title Deal Is One For Record Books. † AllBusiness. AllBusiness, 2000. Web. 24 January 2000. http://www. allbusiness. com/services/amusement-recreation-services/4560069-1. html

Pegomastax - Facts and Figures

Pegomastax - Facts and Figures Name: Pegomastax (Greek for thick jaw); pronounced PEG-oh-MAST-ax Habitat: Woodlands of southern Africa Historical Period: Early Jurassic (200 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and five pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Prominent fangs; short bristles on body About Pegomastax Some of the most notable dinosaur discoveries dont involve going out into the field with a shovel and pickax, but examining long-forgotten fossil specimens that have been filed away in dank museum basements. Thats the case with Pegomastax, which was recently named by Paul Sereno after he examined a neglected collection of fossils from southern Africa, which had been discovered in the early 1960s and stashed in Harvard Universitys extensive archives. Pegomastax was certainly an odd-looking dinosaur, at least by the standards of the early Mesozoic Era. About two feet long from head to tail, this close relative of Heterodontosaurus was equipped with a parrot-like beak studded by two prominent canines. The porcupine-like bristles that covered its body are reminiscent of the short, stiff, feathery protrusions of another herbivorous dinosaur, the late Jurassic Tianyulong, which was also an early ornithopod of the heterodontosaur family. Given its presumed plant-eating diet, why did Pegomastax have such sizable canines? Sereno speculates that this feature evolved not because Pegoamastax snacked occasionally on insects or rotting carcasses, but because it needed to a) defend itself against larger theropod dinosaurs and b) compete for the right to mate. If longer-toothed males were more likely to survive predation, and also more likely to attract females, you can see why natural selection would have favored Pegomastaxs fangs.

Henry Clay Should have been Pr essays

Henry Clay Should have been Pr essays I chose Henry Clay as the person who I think should have been president instead of these four other men. These other men were incompetent, they lacked leadership, and they each didnt have much support. None of them had much drive or motivation to be a good president, and as for a couple of them, they didnt have much political background at all. Henry Clay, on the other hand would have made a fantastic president instead of these four men. Even though he had already run for president three times, and lost, he still had the potential to be a great president. He had a vast background in politics. He had so much to do with what was going on that time in politics, it seem as if he never died (, from our pages of our history book that is). Henry Clay was a great man and I believe that he stood head-and-shoulders above the rest of the presidents of the 1850s. He was a great man who was secretary of state under John Quincy Adams and an unsuccessful candidate for the presidency in 1824, 1832, and 1844. He was one of the most popular and influential political leaders in American history. His genius in the art of compromise three times resolved bitter political conflicts that threatened to tear the nation apart, winning him the title The Great Pacificator. Clay was born on April 12, 1777, in Hanover County, Virginia, to a middle-class family. After studying law with the eminent George Wythe, Clay, at the age of 20, moved to Lexington, Kentucky, where he developed a thriving practice. He was blessed with a quick mind, a flair for oratory, and an ability to charm both sexes with his easy, attractive manner. Clay, who was ambitious for worldly success, married into a wealthy, and socially prominent, family and soon gained entry into Kentucky's most influential cliques. While still in his 20s, he was elected to the state legislature, in which he served for six years, until 1809. ...

Choose a topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Choose a topic - Research Paper Example He proved himself to be an essential part of literature’s history, being not only a poet but a literary critic, a playwright, leader of literature’s modernist movement and winner of Nobel Prize in field of literature. Thomas Stearns Eliot was born in St. Louis on 26th September 1888 (Shook 722) to Henry Ware Eliot and Charlotte Stearns Eliot. He had six other siblings; his mother was a poet too. In 1905 he graduated high school, the following year was spent at a private prep school called Milton academy in Massachusetts. He started his term at Harvard in 1906 September, he studied from professors like Irving Abbott and Paul Elmer there, and both of whom became a major influence on Eliot’s writing. There influence on Eliot was through his stress on tradition and his classicism. Eliot also studied Dante’s poetry which too became his primary inspiration and source of enthusiasm. Eliot completed his B.A in 1909 and stayed at Harvard to complete English literature’s master’s degree. He left in fall of next year and went to Paris where he spent a year. He took courses at Sorbonne, wrote, read and mostly soaked the atmosphere in Paris. When he returned to States, he also went back to Harvard, where he continued taking graduate course now in philosophy, also serving as teaching assistant. In academic session 1914-1915 he was awarded travelling fellowship, with that he chose to go to Germany to study, yet he had to leave from there after just few weeks due to outbreak of World War 1. He went to London after his stay at Germany was terminated, which then became his permanent home. Eliot got a chance to meet Ezra Pound, through a class fellow from Harvard on 22nd September 1914; Pound too soon became major influence on Eliot’s literary career and its development. Eliot wrote one of his most famous poems â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†

Teenage Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teenage Smoking - Essay Example As per the findings of Holm et al, 80% of all smokers in the United States begin smoking even before the age of 18 (27). Because of the increased threat it raises to health and personal integrity, the prohibition of teenage smoking has become the most essential legal concern. In the United States, the issue has been a topic for debate for several decades between tobacco selling tycoons and social activists. Evidently, as an amicable solution to the controversial issue, the legal age of smoking should be raised, when at the same time, teenage smokers are perceived as vulnerable group that requires comprehensive care. The minimum legal age either for using or purchasing/selling tobacco products varies from country to country with an average range of 18-24. In most of the European countries including Poland, Serbia, Portugal, France, and UK the minimum legal age for smoking cigarettes is now 18. In contrast in the United States, there is no unified regulation on this issue and the minim um age restriction varies from state to state. Although 18 has been generally accepted as the minimum age, the decision is left to the discretion of states. For instance, many states including Alabama, Alaska, New Jersey, and some other counties of New York have recently reset the minimum age for smoking from 18 to 19. As per the Revised Washington Code, a person under the age of 18 who purchases or attempts to purchase, possesses, or attempts to possesses, obtain, or attempts to obtain cigarettes or tobacco products commits a class 3 civil infraction under chapter 7.8. (RCW 2002). Obviously, teenage smoking has to be approached with a socio-psychological perspective other than merely considering it as a health issue. Arguments favoring the rise of legal age to 19 or 21 strongly opine that teenage smoking indicates the behavioral inconsistency among adolescents which can be resolved only through comprehensive programs with the collective involvement of various governmental and non-g overnmental organizations. In order to define the behavioral changes of teenagers with regard to smoking as a symptom, we need to analyze some other aspects of this controversy. Researchers are deeply at odds regarding the factors that determine one’s behavior. Despite the actual trait, behavior of an individual is primarily determined by situational variables and environment. Hence, a person’s behavior is ever changing depending on the situation, place, and the surroundings. If an individual demonstrates exceeding emotional attachment or detachment to anything that comes within his personal environment it presumably point to a behavioral problem. This can be true with the adolescent smokers no matter how they got into this risk group. Several attempts have been made to reduce the use of tobacco products among the youth in the United States notably since 1996 as Food and Drug Administration (FDA) revised its previous policy. As Jacobson notes, the initial step the Stat es took was to introduce provisions ‘to suit tobacco industry to recover healthcare costs associated with smoking among medical recipients’ (1). One of the notable actions implemented with intent to reduce teenage smoking is the hike in cigarette price which according to some researchers has brought about significant decline in smoking habits. As Jacobson states, â€Å"the cost of cigarettes faced by teenagers can be raised through both price and non-price measures. Policy makers at the federal, state, and local levels can increase the price of cigarettes by raising cigarettes excise taxes-perhaps the most direct route of action† (Jacobson, 178). Admittedly, till date, the smoking